Introduction

Kerosene, also known as paraffin oil, is a middle distillate fraction obtained from crude oil distillation, typically separated in the temperature range of 150–300 °C. It consists of a mixture of linear and cyclic hydrocarbons (C9–C16) with a controlled percentage of aromatics. Its density (0.78–0.81 g/cm³) and low viscosity make it suitable for a variety of industrial and non‑industrial applications.

Physical and Chemical Properties

• Density: 0.78–0.81 g/cm³
• Boiling range: 150–300 °C
• Chemical composition: Mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes, and less than 20% aromatics
• Low viscosity: Ideal for pumping, blending, and handling
• Color: Colorless to pale yellow with high Saybolt color index in refined grades

Production Process

In refineries, kerosene is separated from crude oil through atmospheric distillation. The crude is heated and passed through a distillation tower, where fractions are separated based on their boiling points.

For improved performance and stability, kerosene often undergoes hydrotreating, where in the presence of a catalyst and hydrogen, impurities such as sulfur, nitrogen, and heavy metals are removed, enhancing both its color and storage stability.

Key Applications

1. Heating Fuel

Widely used in space heaters and industrial furnaces due to steady combustion and high heat output.

2. Aviation Fuel Base

A primary feedstock for producing jet fuels such as Jet‑A and JP‑8, with specific performance standards.

3. Household Use

Fuel for lamps and stoves in areas without access to electricity or pipeline gas.

4. Chemical Industry Feedstock

Used as a solvent or feed in producing lubricants, industrial detergents, and other petrochemical products.

5. Industrial Cleaning Agent

Removes grease, oil, and other residues from metal parts in workshops and manufacturing facilities.

Advantages and Limitations

Advantages:

• Uniform combustion for consistent thermal efficiency
• Competitive price and wide availability
• Long shelf life when stored under proper conditions
• High energy output relative to fuel volume

Limitations:

• Strong, characteristic odor due to heavier hydrocarbons
• High flammability, especially without proper ventilation
• Requires adequate ventilation to prevent accumulation of flammable vapors

Storage and Transportation

Kerosene should be stored in resistant, hydrocarbon‑compatible tanks or containers, away from heat sources, sparks, and direct sunlight, in dry, cool, and well‑ventilated environments.

Appropriate hazard labels and flammability warnings must be clearly displayed.

Conclusion

Kerosene, as a middle distillate derived from crude oil, remains a strategic petroleum product with significant roles in heating, aviation, chemical processing, and household use. Its controlled physical and chemical characteristics, combined with precise refining processes, make it one of the most valuable petroleum products in the global market.

In Iran, major kerosene producers include Persian Gulf Star Oil Company, Tabriz Oil Refining Company, and Imam Khomeini Oil Refining Company.